Geoengineering is a deliberate, large-scale intervention in the Earth’s natural systems

This year is set to become the warmest on record, with global surface temperatures exceeding 1.5C each of the past 12 months .

U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres recently warned that the world is on track to reach a hellish’ 3C of global warming by the end of the century .

So far, the EU has excluded certain geoengineering approaches from its climate agenda due to their controversial nature.

SAI is mired in controversy due to its scientific uncertainties.

Marine cloud brightening ( MCB ) and cirrus cloud thinning ( CCT ) are less controversial.

MCB involves spraying seawater aerosols into marine clouds to brighten them.

CCT would work by making high-altitude cirrus clouds, which are made of ice crystals, less effective at trapping heat.

It is crucial to assess the risks and uncertainties of major climate interventions while ensuring this process is inclusive.

There is a risk that certain SRM approaches might have unequal global consequences, benefiting some while disadvantaging others.

In the end, it is important to stress that climate fixes, whether in the form of CDR or the more controversial SRM , cannot substitute for cutting emissions.